Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist. The name’s etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος, meaning “tumor”, “volume” or “mass”.

Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

Cardiac Sciences involves diagnosing and treating heart conditions through cardiology, cardiovascular surgery, and rehabilitation. It uses techniques like ECG and angiography for assessment, and treatments include medication, lifestyle changes, and surgery to manage diseases such as coronary artery disease and heart failure.

General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on alimentary canal and abdominal contents including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland.

Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians.

Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders.

Nephrology focuses on kidney health, treating conditions like CKD, AKI, glomerulonephritis, and electrolyte imbalances. Kidney transplant, managed by nephrologists, involves replacing a failing kidney with a healthy one from a living or deceased donor, requiring lifelong immunosuppressive therapy and regular monitoring.

Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with the healthy liver from another person. Liver transplantation is a treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure, although availability of donor organs is a major limitation.

Urology, also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary system and the reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs.

Gastroenterology, medical specialty concerned with the digestive system and its diseases. Gastroenterologists diagnose and treat the diseases and disorders of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas.

Pulmonology, pneumology or pneumonology is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract. It is also known as respirology, respiratory medicine, or chest medicine in some countries and areas.

Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty in which vascular diseases involving the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures and surgical reconstruction.